A Brief Timeline of Events in America - 1626 - 1650

A Brief Timeline of Events in America - 1626 - 1650 1626 Dwindle Minuit shows up in New Netherland and later purchases Manhattan from the Native Americans for things worth around $24. He at that point names the island New Amsterdam. 1627 Plymouth Colony and New Amsterdam start trading.A shipload of around 1500 captured kids is sent from England to the Virginia province to build the quantity of pioneers in the settlement. 1628 A gathering of pilgrims drove by John Endecott settles at Salem. This starts the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1629 The Massachusetts Bay Colony is given a regal charter.The Dutch West India Company starts to give land awards to supporters who will bring in any event 50 pioneers to the colonies.John Winthrop is chosen the legislative leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.King Charles I concedes Sir Robert Heath a domain in North America that will be called Carolina. 1630 John Winthrop leads more than 900 homesteaders to settle in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.John Winthrop likewise starts composing the History of New EnglandBoston is formally established.William Bradford, Governor of Plymouth province, starts composing History of Plymouth Plantation. 1631 Regardless of the Massachusetts Bay Colony sanction, it is concluded that lone church individuals are permitted to become freemen who are permitted to decide in favor of state officials.Sir Ferdinando Gorges is given a land award and starts to settle what will in the end become Maine. 1632 In the Massachusetts Bay Colony issues, for example, no imposing taxes without any political benefit and delegate government are starting to be addressed.King Charles I gives Lord Baltimore an illustrious sanction to establish the Maryland Colony. Since Baltimore is Roman Catholic, the privilege to strict opportunity is allowed to Maryland. 1633 The principal town government is composed in the city of Dorchester inside the Massachusetts Bay Colony.The first school in America is established in New Amsterdam. 1634 The primary pioneers for the new Maryland province show up in North America. 1635 Showdowns happen among Virginia and Maryland dependent on limit questions between the two colonies.The contract for the Massachusetts Bay Company is disavowed. The province won't respect this, however.Roger Williams is requested ousted from Massachusetts subsequent to censuring the settlement and advancing the possibility of detachment of chapel and state. 1636 The Township Act is passed in the Massachusetts Bay general court enabling towns to administer themselves to some extent.Thomas Hooker shows up in Hartford Connecticut and establishes the principal church of the territory.Roger Williams establishes the present-day city of Providence, Rhode Island.Open fighting starts with Pequot Indians after the demise of New England dealer John Oldham.Harvard University is established. 1637 After various experiences, the Pequot Indians are slaughtered by a power of Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, and Plymouth pioneers. The clan is for all intents and purposes eliminated.Anne Hutchinson is exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1638 Anne Hutchinson leaves for Rhode Island and establishes Portsmouth with William Coddington.Peter Minuit bites the dust in a wreck. 1639 The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut are enacted.Sir Ferdinando Gorges is named the legislative head of Maine by illustrious charter.New Hampshire Colony pilgrims sign the Exeter Compact. 1640 Dutch homesteaders settle in the Delaware River territory. 1641 Massachusetts Bay Colony assumes control over the locale of New Hampshire. 1642 New Netherland battles against the Hudson River Valley Indians who have been making attacks against the state. The two sides will later sign a ceasefire that will most recent a year. 1643 The New England Confederation, otherwise called the United Colonies of New England, a confederation of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Plymouth, and New Hampshire, is formed.Anne Hutchinson is killed by Indians on Long Island. 1644 Roger Williams is allowed an illustrious contract for Rhode Island. 1645 The Dutch and the Hudson River Valley Indians close harmony following four years of warfare.The New England Confederation sign a harmony settlement with the Naragansett Indians. 1646 Massachusetts turns out to be progressively narrow minded as they pass a law making sin deserving of death. 1647 Diminish Stuyvesant expect the administration of New Netherland.Rhode Island General Assembly drafts a constitution taking into consideration division of chapel and state. 1648 The Dutch and the Swedes go after the land around present-day Philadelphia on the Schuylkill River. They each form fortifications and the Swedes torch the Dutch fortress twice. 1649 Ruler Charles I of the House of Stuart is banished in England. Virginia sides with the place of Stuart.Toleration Act is passed in Maryland taking into consideration strict freedom.Maine additionally passes enactment taking into consideration strict opportunity. 1650 Maryland is permitted to have a bicameral assembly by request of Lord Baltimore.Virginia is barricaded by England subsequent to pronouncing loyalty to the House of Stuart. Source Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., ed. The Almanac of American History. Barnes Nobles Books: Greenwich, CT, 1993.

Mind games a reaction Free Essays

Movement Perception into Our World that is Always in real life by: Allayed C. Conjugal Discussing about your mind and how it responds to movement so as to settle on choices is the principle thought handled in the â€Å"Brain Games: Motion Commotion† scene. Mind Games is a TV arrangement that investigates the parts of the human cerebrum. We will compose a custom paper test on Brain games a response or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Using social trials and intelligent dramatic artistry, this show urges the watchers to take part in the said mind games, in which they’ll have the option to unwind the primary concerns introduced by every scene. In the referenced scene, it expressed that you are in a world that is continually moving, the human cerebrum needed to build up an entirely refined feeling of movement so as to endure and that is clear movement wherein we see a progression of still pictures that are hung together rapidly and our mind sees this as movement. Different tests are accomplished for the watchers to have a simple comprehension of the variables associated with the subject, development impression of the mind. The underlying examination is to watch an Auto Kinetic picture wherein our downpour is fooled into seeing movement †despite the fact that there isn’t any. Our visual cortex is the person who is answerable for this, we will in general believe that It is the image that’s working however we are the one who’s doing It on the grounds that our visual cortex Is intended to distinguish and see movement in any case. In the procedure tests I discovered that we people having advanced as visual creatures are generally hard-wired to see and be spellbound by movement this Is the thing that the researchers call the brain’s Orienting Response in which we feel constrained to take a gander at anything that moves inside our field of vision. Our fringe vision Is considerably more touchy to movement than the remainder of our eye this Is displayed through the coin shoulder stunt. I guess that the last piece of the scene turned out to be all the more hauling as It uncovered the watchers Into all the more amazing analyses where It gave the idea that sound can truly change the movement we perceive†in light of the fact that movement Is questionable. Besides, It Is not generally what we see or what we hear yet once in a while It Is likewise what we feel or what we anticipate to feel. So I discover that movement can truly be tricky at ordinarily. I accept that our mind and our eyes are continually pulling a prank on us in this way causing our body to feel that It Is moving despite the fact that we are Just sitting still and this Is the alleged vector wherein It Is our eyes that see movement as well as our body?†vector† impression of self movement Induced by visual improvements. The scene was finished by the appropriate response on the inquiry expressed on the Introduction of the show on about how might we travel a large number of kilometers while we are Just sitting and It Is enchanting to covers that we are voyaging 1,600 kilometers for each moment since we are acquainted with the Earth’s steady movement. The scene didn’t get done with Just nothing, It addressed numerous tricky inquiries. Also, left the watchers with pack of new learning and wondrous disclosures about our continually moving world and how we developed and adapted to It. It Is stunning how our cerebrum functions and how It grows along with the Innovating scene. Movement will consistently be a piece of our lives which implies our cerebrum procedure In seeing movement will consistently proceed to create and Interpret things around us. He one who is liable for this, we will in general imagine that it is the image that’s working however we are the one who’s doing it in light of the fact that our visual cortex is intended to distinguish and see movement in any case. In the procedure wired to see and be dazzled by movement this is the thing that the researchers call the brain’s our field of vision. Our fringe vision is substantially more delicate to movement than the remainder of our eye this is di splayed through the coin shoulder stunt. I guess that the potato part of the scene turned out to be all the more hauling as it uncovered the watchers into all the more astonishing trials where it gave the idea that sound can truly change the movement we perceive†in light of the fact that movement is equivocal. In addition, it isn't generally what we see or what we hear however now and then it is additionally what we feel or what we foresee to cerebrum and our eyes are continually pulling a prank on us therefore causing our body to feel that it is moving despite the fact that we are Just sitting still and this is the supposed ousting wherein it isn't just our eyes that see movement yet in addition our gathering of self movement initiated by visual upgrades. The scene was finished by the appropriate response on the inquiry expressed on the presentation of the show on about how might we travel a large number of kilometers while we are Just sitting and it is extremely captivating to nothing, it addressed numerous misleading inquiries. Furthermore, left the watchers with bundle of we developed and adapted to it. It is stunning how our cerebrum functions and how it grows along with the enhancing scene. Movement will consistently be a piece of our lives which implies our cerebrum procedure in seeing movement will consistently proceed to create and decipher things around us. Step by step instructions to refer to Mind games a response, Papers

How to Close a Letter in American English

How to Close a Letter in American English How many times have you spent considerable thought and effort writing a letter, only to reach the closing and then wonder how you should end it? And does it really matter whether you choose sincerely or best or thanks to close out your message?While much of letter closing choices are based on personal style and attitude, there are slight differences in how different letter endings come across to the recipient of your writing. For this post, well discuss several common letter closings, more formally known as a valediction from the Latin vale dicere, which means to say farewell. We will also discuss the situations for which each are best used, the connotations each might bring, and how to choose which one fits your overall intent or is complimentary with the letter youve written.Sources weve usedKeep in mind that as with much of the advice youll read online, ours might differ from that of another source. However, since it is important in business or formal communication to follow best practices set by respected organizations, we have used two American authoritiesâ€"Barrons Educational Series and American Management Associationâ€"as our primary sources.Closings for formal and business correspondenceYours truly,According to Barrons, this is a formal closing and AMACOM states that this should be used when there is no personal connection between writer and recipient. Another version of this youll see often is Very truly yours, which again denotes a lack of personal connection between the writer and recipient of the letter. Despite the seemingly intimate associations with this phrase, it is very commonly used in business communication as a formal closing, whether you know the recipient intimately or not.Respectfully yours,Barrons also lists this as a formal closing and AMACOM suggests that it should be used when the letter is sent to someone either with acknowledged authority or when great formality should be used. Again, as with Yours truly, this is a commonly used c losing that connotes formality and can be used with formal business communication that is written to associatesâ€"whether they are typically on your contact list, or not.Sincerely (yours),Often shortened to just Sincerely, Barrons suggests that this is a less formal closing while AMACOM states that it should be used when there is both a personal and business relationship between the writer and recipient. In general, this is a commonly used closing in American business correspondence that covers both well-known associates and those who are not well known. It is also a great choice for letters such as cover letters for a job posting, introductory letters for academic admission, or complaint letters in which the sender wishes to close with a conciliatory yet polite tone.Cordially (yours),Often shortened to just Cordially, Barrons lists this as another less formal closing while AMACOM takes issue with Cordially yours, stating that it is often used but incorrect.So, in essence, consider this a great choice for closing business communication as long as the yours is not added. It works for both well-known acquaintances (in business) as well as recipients who are not regularly on your contact list. It is considered to be proper in both situations.Regards, Personal regards, Kindest regards,AMACOM doesnt list either of these choices in its preferred business letter closings, but Barrons lists them as potential personal closings. What this means is that if you plan to use them as business communication closings, or closings of letters written as cover letters or letters to admissions committees, they are acceptable yet slightly less formal than Sincerely or any of the versions of Sincerely (such as Sincerely yours,).This closing is an example of using your own attitude and personality to determine which closing to use in a letter.Best, Best regards,While not as formal as closings like sincerely, best is a polite, semi-formal letter ending that could work in both a busine ss context and when writing to acquaintances or friends. It is a polite way to let your letters recipient know that you wish the best for them. Best regards makes the closing a bit more formal if you feel that Best is not quite formal enough for the situation.Thanks,While not overly formal or overly informal, Thanks is a closing that works well for business letters across the boardâ€"whether you are writing to someone not on your contact list, or to an acquaintance or peer within your organization. However, compared to how the other closings weve listed sound to the recipient, Thanks can fall a little flat or seem abrupt. To avoid this, choose Best regards or Sincerely.You should also hesitate to use Thanks if youve made a request in your letter, and rather choose Thanks for your time, since the former assumes that the request will be granted, and the task will be accepted. Again, as with all the letter closings we have mentioned in this article, choose the best considering the type of relationship you have with the recipient and how formal or informal you want the letter to be.Informal closingsYour friend,Obviously, this is not the best closing to choose for a formal business letter or cover letter. Your friend, should be reserved for letters written to friends, as the closing implies. Putting this closing at the end of a letter to someone who is not your close friend will seem overly informal and assumptive.Cheers,While Cheers, or Cheers! might be a light-hearted and casual way to end a letter in British English, for American English, make sure that you only use it for close friends or business associates that you know on a deeply personal basis. The primary reason for this is it is an expression used in relation to alcohol, or imbibing alcoholic drinks, so it can be interpreted as too informal by many American business associates unless you know them on an informal basis.With love,As with Your friend, ensure that any time you use this closing, you are only doing so in a letter that is written to someone with whom you have an intimate and familiar relationship. Using this closing in a business letter or letter written to anyone else will be off-putting and potentially offensive to your reader. Therefore, ensure that you reserve this closing for only the most intimate recipient to avoid any confusion or misinterpretation.

Relationshipsand Sense of Belonging in Charles Dickens...

People are unique and therefore discover elements of life in a multitude of complex ways. Charles Dickens 1861 novel ‘Great Expectations’ employs older and younger Pip in a dual perspective novel to display the ways in which he discovers a sense of belonging and acceptance. Gary Ross director of the movie â€Å"Pleasantville† uses an adolescent males point of view to show the varying aspects of belonging in quite literally in this instance different ‘worlds’ which displays the destruction of being accepted and the positives of inclusion. Both texts show collectively that a need for a sense of belonging rarely changes over time in which the two texts are set. Relationships can be detrimental to our sense of belonging as they can alienate us†¦show more content†¦David has no real stable relationship and is too afraid of making them as shown in the introduction with a mise-en-scene displaying close-ups of David’s insecurity, apprehension of the unknown as he is asking out a girl; which is later revealed to have been all in his head as he is shown to be standing alone, isolated with the girl of his dreams standing far away in a midst of people. He is found to be constantly fighting and being insulted by his sister â€Å"I knew you couldn’t be so hopelessly geek-ridden for so long without suffering some really tragic consequences†, which causes him to yearn for inclusion which he finds in the TV show â€Å"Pleasantville†; the perfect world. Suddenly being immersed in this perfect world along with his sister he revels in the world being predictable; safe and dry of risks. After forming a bond with his boss Bill; who believes that people ‘must be awfully lucky’ to have creativity and colour forces David to realise that Pleasantville is in fact not a utopia but a dystopia with no choice of freedom, or choice of expression which he never embraced in the real world. David harnessing his newfound confidence stands in front of the whole town and shouts down at the Mayor â€Å"They (the colourful townspeople) are no different to you† finally gaining respect from his twin, with Jennifer stating to him â€Å"You turned into a pretty cool guy†. The connections David made

Stars The Influence of Celebrities in the Film Industry...

One of the most noticeable aspects of the entertainment industry today is the prevalence of the celebrity. In any entertainment medium whether it be music, print media or the film industry, celebrities can be seen. Celebrities are often the face of the product as well, and so they are what draws the consumer in, largely because of the sway the Celebrity has over the public. Celebrities are a rather intriguing twentieth century invention, and it is the goal of this essay to look at how a person becomes a star in the show business world, how they are marketed to an audience, and as the remarkable bond with the audience that these celebrities cultivate through their marketing and press that makes the audience want to see these people on the†¦show more content†¦Two actresses can claim that role as the first household name icon, both for different reasons and both with some clout behind those claims. The first star that reached a zenith in the movie-going populous was Florence L awrence. Florence Lawrence was an early Biograph girl, who worked under producer Carl Laemmle. It was during this time that the papers began to run the story of her untimely death in a car accident which was not true, and to this day it is unclear which was first the story or the publicity , but what it did was create a fervor over the last movie she was said to a appear in. Since she was still alive she went to each premiere and at each point, those who had come to the premiere locations became more and more obsessed as she appeared, happy to see the shining star they had heard had died appear in front of them, alive and well. Florence Lawrence may have been the first known star, but her star was one that quickly faded after the reveal that she was in fact, still living after all. Florence Lawrence was the first time the studios had used the performer themselves as the way to hype a movie before its release and in that sense, yes, Florence Lawrence was the first star in the fil m industry, but she can not be said to truly the be the original star as they are known today because she did not last long enough in the publics eye or consciousness. what Florence Lawrence did do was show that the audience was hungry to know about those thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Graeme Turner s Understanding Celebrity2078 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction A celebrity is defined by the media and society through characterisations; the introduction of various on-line and print media platforms enhance the presence of celebrity culture, such for advertising, activism, different genres of television (e.g. reality, gastronomical), and even political avenues as well (Driessens). 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Environmental Law in Kenya Free Essays

How can Environmental Law be effectively enforced in Kenya? For environmental law to be effectively enacted in Kenya their needs to be emphasis on the need for a universal environmental ethic. There needs to be a concern on the ability to provide information that changes behaviour towards the environment i. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Law in Kenya or any similar topic only for you Order Now not stopping at awareness creation but to also go through education advocacy. This led to the enactment of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act. (EMCA). With the enactment of the EMCA, the fundamental principles on the environment espoused in various multilateral environmental agreements and intellectual discourse were incorporated into Kenyan law. Therefore it is based on the recognition that improved co ordination of the diverse sectoral initiatives is necessary for better management of the environment. To facilitate a coordinated approach to environmental management, EMCA establishes several organs as discussed below which help in the effective enforcement of environmental law: ) National Environmental Council It is responsible for policy formulation and directing, setting national goals and objectives, determining policy and priorities for the protection of the environment and the promotion of cooperation among the public and private bodies engaged in environmental protection programmes. The council is responsible in regards to international treaties, conventions and agreements relating to the management of the environment to whi ch Kenya is a party or should be a party. i) National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) It is responsible for the following: (a) Co-ordinate the various environmental management activities being undertake by the lead agencies and promote the integration of environmental considerations Into development policies, plans, programmes and projects with a view to ensuring the proper management and rational utilization of environmental resources on a sustainable yield basis for the improvement of he quality of human life in Kenya; (b) Take stock of the natural resources in Kenya and their utilization and conservation; (c) Establish and review in consultation with the relevant lead agencies, land use guidelines; (d) Examine land use patterns to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of natural resources. (e) Carry out surveys which will assist in the proper management and conservation of the environment; (f) Advise the government on legislative and other measures for the management of the environment or the implem entation of relevant international conventions, treaties and agreements in the field of environment, g) advise the government on regional and international environmental conventions, treaties and agreements to which Kenya should be a party and follow up the implementation of such of such agreements where Kenya is party; (h) Undertake and co-ordinate research, investigation and surveys in the field of Environment and collect collate and disseminate information about the findings Of such research, investigation or survey; I) mobilize and monitor the use of financial and human resources for environmental Management; (J) identify projects and programs or types of projects and programs, plans and policies for which environmental audit or environmental monitoring must be conducted under this Act; (k) Initiate and evolve procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents Which may cause environmental degradation and evolve remedial measures where Accidents occur; l) Monitor and assess activities, including activities being carried out by relevant lead Agencies, in order to ensure th at the environment is not degraded by such activities, environmental management objectives are adhered to and adequate early warning on impending environmental emergency is given; (m) Undertake, in co-operation with relevant lead agencies, programmes intended to enhance environmental education and public awareness about the need for sound Environmental management as well as for enlisting public support and encouraging the effort made by other entities in that regard; (n) Publish and disseminate manuals, codes or guidelines relating to environmental Management and prevention and abatement of environmental degradation; (n) Render advice and technical support, where possible, to entities engaged in natural Resource management and environmental protection so as to enable them to carry out Their responsibilities satisfactorily; o) Prepare and issue an annual report on the state of the environment in Kenya and in This regard may direct any lead agency to prepare and submit to it a report on the state Of the sector of the environment under the administration of that lead agency; (p) Perform such other functions as the Government may assign to the Authority or As are incidental or conducive to the excise by the Authority of any or all of the functions provided under this Act. iii) Provincial and District committees The committee is responsible for the following: A) is responsible for the proper management of the environment within the province or district in respect of which they are appointed. (b) Perform such additional functions as are prescribed by this Act or as may, from time to time, be assigned by the Minister by notice in the Gazette. There are certain mechanisms that are set in place for the protection and conservation of the environment, framework environmental laws also provide for the management of specific environmental aspects, whether they are of a sect oral nature or of cross sectoral nature or both. These mechanisms include: -Environmental Impact Assessment This is a tool that helps those involved in decision making concerning development programmes or projects to make their decisions based on knowledge of the likely impacts that will be caused on the environment, whether negative or positive. Whether the impacts are negative and likely to result in significant harm, decision makers will be able to decide what kind of mitigating measures should be taken to eliminate or minimise the harm. Therefore the EIA is an anticipatory and where there is harm, a preventive mechanism. By using the EIA both environmental and economic benefits can be achieved such as reduced cost and time of project implementation and design, avoiding treatment/ clean up costs and impacts of law and regulations. -Environmental auditing and monitoring This is a process that assesses the nature and extent of environmental concerns at an existing facility or any other site where the existence of industrial pollution problems is identified or anticipated. Enforcement of Environmental Law Most environmental enforcement strategies derive from legal requirements that must be met by individuals, facilities whose operations or activities may cause undesirable environmental impacts. These environmental impacts are an essential foundation for environmental and public health protection. Environmental actions may include applying one or a combination of the following actions: †¢ Inspections and monitoring to determine the compliance status of the regulated community and to detect and to respond to violations. †¢ Negotiations with violators or facility managers to develop mutually agreeable schedules and approaches for achieving compliance. †¢ Awareness creation to sensitise the regulated community on the requirements to be met †¢ Taking legal action where necessary to compel compliance and: †¢ Compliance promotion among the regulated community. 2. Discuss why health and safety laws are necessary for any worker? Health and safety may be perceived as an investment or loss within an organization. Accidents happen and it is imperative for organizations to strive towards a ‘zero’ rate because they can prove very expensive if a company is deemed liable. Employers may be expected to invest a relatively minimal initial outlay for risk assessment and hazard identification procedures – which may or may not require consultancy fees, installation of modern equipment or staff training – but in reality these can all be viewed as an investment rather than a loss and there is no arguing with the fact that an injury free workplace is a safe workplace. All employers were required to ensure, in so far as ‘reasonably practical’, the safety, health and welfare at work of their employees and to carry out an annual review of safety statements specifying how it is managed. On the other hand, employees are obliged to co-operate with their employer and report any circumstances that may pose a serious threat to health and safety. In the opinion of Hoyle (2004), â€Å"Accident prevention is primarily the responsibility of individual workers. † The promotion of health and safety within an organization can be seen as an investment. If employees keep healthy, their productivity will be good and this can promote profits. With safety the same applies. In a safe environment there are fewer injuries, more productivity, more profits and less worker compensation insurance premiums, etc. The financial implications of accidents and ill-health are often overlooked or underestimated, especially relating to absenteeism. Apart from still having to pay the absent employee’s wages, employers could also be faced with additional wages for replacement staff, overtime and lost time spent on investigations and meetings, increased costs due to reduced productivity, possible contract penalties and external consultancy fees, all of which can add up to substantial hidden costs (TSSA). In fact, organizations with active training programmers in health and safety – such as OHSAS 18001 – have many advantages, including fewer work-related injuries and lower healthcare costs, improved productivity, reduced absenteeism, lower insurance premiums and compensation claims and a higher rate of worker retention and employee satisfaction. Workers’ compensation claims due to workplace accidents and occupational ill-health appear in the papers every day. And costs facing organizations include investigation time, wages paid for lost time, clerical time, decreased output of injured worker upon return and the loss of business and goodwill. Unfortunately, in smaller firms where major injury rates tend to be higher, conviction could ruin a company. Many small organizations harbor a negative view of the business benefits of corporate and social responsibility. They see the implementation and maintenance of appropriate operational standards as a waste of time, money and staff resources because of the required controls, practices and procedures and other overheads which they regard as a drain on their limited resources. While some employers may see health and safety as a loss, this will only occur when an organization has failed to take reasonable steps to prevent injury and non-injury accidents and ill-health. The advantages of reventive policies can be financially beneficial, an added investment is that they ‘can also consist of benefits that are harder to express in money, such as morale, productivity or quality gain. ’ Nevertheless, employers must undertake suitable and sufficient assessment of risks to hea lth and safety in their workplace and appropriate arrangements must be made to review preventive and protective measures, assess their efficacy and level of legal compliance and establish a sound health and safety culture. A risk assessment is a hazard identification process to identify what could cause harm to people. It forms part of the preparation of a Safety Statement and helps employers to manage the health and safety of their employees. Employers are legally required to do everything that is ‘reasonably practicable’ to ensure that identified hazards will not injure anyone. They should also ensure that all employees are familiar with the relevant contents of the Safety Statement, especially when revisions have been made. Improving health and safety need not cost the employer a lot of money. Even changing the way a particular task is performed can reduce the risk of injury. For example, placing anti-slip material on a slippery floor is a relatively inexpensive precaution when compared to the financial implications of a bad fall. Any safety measures introduced â€Å"need only be proportional to the real risks involved and should be sufficient to control, eliminate or minimize any risk of injury† (ibid). Managing health and safety in the workplace is not just a legal requirement, it also makes commercial sense. Many investors closely monitor health and safety performance with a view to increasing investment opportunities. Simple and relatively inexpensive steps like arranging courses such as First Aid, Manual Handling, Fire and Electrical Safety, Health and Safety and Stress Management, etc. for all employees is most definitely a good investment for any forward-looking organization and the potential dividends for both staff and employees are immeasurable REFERENCES Environmental Management and Coordination Act 2000 Okidi et al, Environmental Governance in Kenya: Implementing the Framework law. East African Publishers, 2008 How to cite Environmental Law in Kenya, Essays

The Role Of Desdemona In Shakespeares Othello Essays - Othello, Iago

The Role Of Desdemona In Shakespeare's Othello The Role of Desdemona in Shakespeare's Othello The character of Desdemona represents a woman of the 17th century who surpassed the norms of sexual morality set for Venetian women of that time. When Desdemona left the house of her father, Brabantio, to wed the Moor, Othello, it was the first step in redefining her role as a woman. Desdemona, instead of asking her father's permission, decided on her own to marry Othello. It seems as though Desdemona was breaking away from the strictness imposed by Brabantio. She denied her father any right in choosing or granting allowance to Othello to marry her. Instead she chose the man who she wanted to marry and felt it unnecessary that her father intervene in their relationship. This act of independence by Desdemona tore away the gender barriers of the Venetian patriarchal society and posed a threat to male authority. The other aspect of Desdemona's mutiny was the miscegenation in Desdemona and Othello's marriage. 1The choice of mate made by Desdemona further deviated from the role in which V enetian society would cast her. The traditions of the Venetian society are discovered when Iago speaks to Brabantio and plants both the ideas of miscegeny and loss of power into Brabantio's mind. Iago cautions Brabantio: Your heart is burst, you have lost half your soul; Even now, now, very now, an old black ram Is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! (Oth I. i. 88-90) These lines highlight the fact that in Elizabethan society, Brabantio, like other fathers, considered Desdemona's body to be his possession while also tapping into the fear of miscegenation that existed in Venice at that time. 2In his book ?Sex in History,? Rattray Taylor describes patriarchal societies in which the power was placed in the hands of men, to be based on father-identifier schemes (77). Taylor explains that children who are father-identifiers, model themselves after their fathers because of their interest in authority and in an attempt to acquire power as their fathers have (314). This can be applied to Desdemona's rebelliousness. Because Brabantio had such immense power over her, Desdemona may have wanted to gain this kind of power herself. Thus she decided to take her relationship into her own hands and ignored the tradition of receiving her father's approval. Desdemona was striving to play an equal role with the men in the Venetian society. The aspect of playing the same role as the men in the Venetian society also explains Desdemona's marriage to Othello. Instead of Brabantio taking the initiative in the marriage, Desdemona took the initiative in the courtship because she envied the power that her father had over her and the power of Othello's bravery and masculinity. 3She wished to be a man as brave and as noble as Othello (Holland 253). Desdemona's actions were not necessarily based on the desire to be a man, but more so a desire to have the equal powers of men. By marrying Othello, Desdemona was showing that she was strong enough and educated enough to break the societal confines of passivity for women (Walker 2). However, we must not assume that Desdemona did not love Othello or that she married him only to define herself as a liberated woman. Desdemona's concise statement about her love was revealed with balance and health when she said: I saw Othello's visage in his mind, And to his honours and his valiant parts Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate. (Oth. III. iii. 250-252) We can see that she loved Othello for his body and mind, for his reputation and actions, and she consecrated herself to him spiritually and practically and she continued to love him throughout all the events and accusations. Race was not an issue to Desdemona and this was a result of her intelligence and determination to become liberated. Othello, however, may have been frightened by Desdemona's aggressiveness as a woman. This, along with the misperceptions brought on by Iago, could have led to his changing views of Desdemona. When Othello and Desdemona are first married, Othello spoke nothing but love for Desdemona. Robert Burns' poem, ?A Red, Red Rose? best represents Othello's feelings toward Desdemona. The lines: ?As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, / So deep in luve am

A Night in the MVSEVM

A Night in the MVSEVM A Night in the MVSEVM A Night in the MVSEVM By Maeve Maddox A reader, noticing the way the word museum is engraved on some statues and entrances, writes: I am wondering why the word Museum is spelled Mvsevm . . . on many older things like statues. Until the twentieth century, classical Latin was an indispensable part of the school curriculum. Anyone who had been to school beyond the age of seven had at least a smattering. What are now called elementary schools or grade schools were once known as grammar schools. When the term grammar school originated, the grammar meant was Latin grammar. Because Latin was regarded as being much classier than English, it was often used to commemorate special occasions. For example, Latin was the language of choice on diplomas, ceremonial proclamations and stone inscriptions on statues, tombs, and museum entrances. The classical Latin alphabet did not contain the letters J, W or U: A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z It did not have what we call lowercase letters either. Latin inscriptions, therefore, were written in all capital letters. The letter V stood for both the vowel sound we represent with the letter U and the consonant sound we represent with the letter W. During the second century CE the rounded U form of the V appeared in Latin writing. A carved inscription that substitutes a V where English would use a U is supposed to look like classical Latin. Hence the capitals and the Vs for Us. Besides, Id guess that its much easier to make a V with a chisel than a U. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to KnowThe Writing ProcessHow Many Sentences in a Paragraph?

Por vs. Para in Spanish

'Por' vs. 'Para' in Spanish Two Spanish prepositions, por and para, are usually used for the English word for. The differences between them sometimes are subtle, and thus por and para are a constant source of confusion for Spanish students. Key Takeaways: Por and Para Although both Spanish prepositions por and para can often be translated as for, they have separate meanings and can seldom be used as synonyms.Por is often used to indicate who performs an action or the reason for it being performed.Para is often used to indicate the result of an action being performed. Think of Meaning Rather than Translation If its any consolation, prepositions can be as difficult for people learning English. Why do we sometimes say something is under control, and sometimes say something is in control? Why are we in the house but at home? The rules sometimes escape logic. The key to understanding which preposition to use is to think of the meaning you want to convey. If I use a phrase such as three for a dollar in English, the for has a different meaning than it does in this book is for you. In the first case, for indicates an exchange or a rate, while in the second case it indicates an intention or direction. Thus the Spanish translation of the two phrases are different, tres por un dà ³lar and este libro es para ti. The following chart shows some of the major uses of these two prepositions, including ones not translated by for. Uses for Por Por is often used to indicate how something is done or ihe cause of an action. Although the distinction between cause and outcome isnt always clear, por generally isnt used to indicate the result of an action. Expressing movement along, through, around, by, or about: Anduve por las calles de Gijà ³n. (I walked through the streets of Gijà ³n.) Viajamos por Australia con un Land Rover. (We traveled around Australia with a Land Rover.)Denoting a time or duration when something occurs. Viajamos por tres semanas. (Were traveling for three weeks.) Debes pensar en otras personas por sà ³lo un momento. (You ought to think about other people for just a moment.)Expressing the cause (not the purpose) of an action: Me caà ­ por la nieve. (I fell down because of the snow.) Los conflictos originaron por las diferencias culturales e ideolà ³gicas. (The conflicts began because of the cultural and ideological differences.)  Hay diferencia entre comer por hambre y comer por placer. (There is a difference between eating out of hunger and eating for pleasure.)Meaning per: Dos por ciento. (Two percent.) Prefiero comer cuatro comidas por dà ­a. (I prefer eating four meals per day.) Por can also be trans lated as a when a is a preposition: Leo un libro por semana. (I read one book a week.) Meaning supporting or in favor of: Trabajamos por derechos humanos. (We work for human rights.) No puedo votar por el presidente. (I cant vote for the president.)Introducing the agent of an action after a passive verb:. For this reason, por is often used in stating the author of a book or other composition:  Fue escrito por Bob Woodward. (It was written by Bob Woodward.) Ser comido por las aves. (It will be eaten by the birds.)Indicating means of transportation: Viajarà © por avià ³n. (I will travel by plane.)  Quiero llegar a Venezuela por barco. (I want to arrive at Venezuela by ship.)Used in numerous expressions: Por ejemplo. (For example.) Por favor. (Please, literally as a favor.) Uses for Para Para is often used to indicate the outcome of an action or to indicate who or what is affected by an action. Meaning for the purpose of or in order to: Para bailar la bamba, necesita una poca de gracia. (In order to dance the bamba you need a little grace.) Los buses se usan para ir a la frontera. (The buses are used for going to the border.)With a noun or pronoun as object, meaning for the benefit of or directed to: Es para usted. Its for you. Necesitamos mucho dinero para el desarrollo del paà ­s. (We need a lot of money for the countrys development.)Meaning to or in the direction of when referring to a place: Voy para Europa. (Im heading to Europe.) Salimos para el almuerzo. (We are leaving for lunch.)Meaning by or for when referring to a specific time: Necesito el regalo para maà ±ana. (I need the gift for tomorrow.) Vamos a la casa de mi madre para el fin de semana. (Were going to my mothers for the weekend.)

A proposal to review the effect of progressive muscle relaxation Essay

A proposal to review the effect of progressive muscle relaxation techniques on chronic pain in cancer patients - Essay Example A randomised controlled trial 17 3. Chapter Three: Preliminary Literature Review 19 3.1 Progressive Muscle Relaxation 19 3.1.1Complete sequences of progressive muscle relaxation 20 3.2 Synthesis 23 Bibliography 26 Appendixes 29 Appendix 1 Time Table 29 Appendix 2 30 Abstract The proposed research for this study will discuss the progressive muscle relaxation and its techniques along with the effect that it has on chronic pain in patients with cancer. The techniques discussed can have a significant impact on reducing and relaxing chronic pain in patients with cancer. The research for this study will be conducted through an examination of secondary research as relevant literature provides valuable information and knowledge about PMR and its impact on chronic pain. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction Pain is the eternal companion of mankind, with medical practitioners spending a great deal of their time assessing and finding ways to alleviate pain. Chronic pain is extremely common i n patients with cancer, especially those who are found in stage IV of the disease. Pain can be divided into four types of intensity: weak, moderate, sever, and very severe. All analgesic therapy in cancer patients is based on the use of non-narcotic, narcotic, and support (adjuvant) drugs, the use of which forms the basis of a three-step approach to pain management which was developed and proposed by the world health organization. It is estimated that one third of all cancer patients suffer from moderate to severe pain related to their cancer and over 50% of patients diagnosed with cancer suffer from some form of pain. The most common types of pain related to cancer are due to the cancer tumor and the treatment. Unlike those who suffer from chronic pain that is unrelated to cancer, those with cancer experience pain in more than on area; the pain can be both acute and chronic and often varies in presentation. Pain is associated with the consequences of changes in psychosocial relatio nships, decreased quality of life, and increased rates of depression and anxiety (Melzack 2005, p. 971-979). Unfortunately, patients and providers often find that pharmacologic therapy does not completely control pain associated with cancer. Pharmacologic management of pain often comes with side effects such as nausea, constipation, drowsiness, pruritus, sedation, and delirium. Complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, including mind-body techniques, are often sought out. Mind-body therapies are recommended in addition to pharmacological approaches for cancer patients experiencing pain. 1.2 Background/Justification Cancer pain is a complex phenomenon that often occurs due to tumor progression and related pathology, surgery or other invasive procedures. Toxicities of chemotherapy and radiation can significantly contribute to that pain as well as infection which all lead to a multidimensional model of cancer pain that can include the five components of: (1) physiologic (o rganize etiology of the pain); (2) sensory (intensity, location, quality); (3) affective (depression and anxiety); (4) cognitive (the meaning attached to the pain); and (5) behavioral (activity level, analgesic

English - reading and writing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English - reading and writing assignment - Essay Example Reading it helps us grow intellectually and emotionally. If we are learning a language, reading helps us learn new words and discover different ways of using them. Reading literature also expands our horizons, as it brings us to different places, cultures, and time, and introduces us to diverse characters that we would have not known within our own lifetime. Literature enables us to respond to human struggles and dreams. At the same time, reading literature also helps us learn more about ourselves, our culture, and the society we live in. Roberts underscores that our interpretations of literature reveal our innermost desires, values, and goals too. It also makes us more aware of our society and the ills and good in it. Indeed, literature â€Å"makes us human† (2). Writing about literature entails an active engagement with the text. It requires following the work and identifying meaningful details and implications. We use our own knowledge and experience to check the authenticity and meaning of the plot and dialogues. Writing down notes is one way of responding to the text while reading it. These notes can be the spring of our thesis and supporting arguments. Writing about literature basically means explaining what the text means through a focused argument. The analysis shows the reader’s thought process, as well as how he/she plans to describe and defend his/her ideas and arguments. Writing requires having an argumentative position and supporting details from the text and sometimes, even other sources, to effectively show that all our points lead to our thesis. In a sample essay about â€Å"The Necklace,† Roberts explains how de Maupassant uses setting to describe and explain Mathilde’s character. The thesis stresses that Mathilde grows as a person and this growth can be seen through descriptions of her apartment, dreams about elegant rooms in a mansion, and her attic flat. Three topic sentences are presented, which support the

Job Market for Health Informatics

Job Market for Health Informatics Marsha Wheeler The topic that has been researched is the job market for health informatics in the healthcare industry. Health informatics is defined as the application of information technology to improve on the management of patient’s data, population data, and other information that is relevant to patient care and the community’s health, teaching, research, and advancing medical knowledge. The process of medical decision making and processing of medical information, including technology and communication of medical practice education and research. HIT involves the exchange of health information in an electronic environment (Medical informatics, 2008). The process of transferring health information to an electronic database is a very time consuming and detail oriented process and accuracy is a must. The need for heath informatics will be ever increasing because of the technology based world that we live in today. Health information technicians and physician staff consolidate and oversee health information data by safeguarding its quality, accuracy, accessibility, and security in both paper and electronic systems. HIM professionals use different classification systems to code and classify patient personal information for compensation purposes, for use in office databases and data registries, and retainpatient medical records and course of treatment. (Health Information Technology , 2013). Extensive use of health information inside the medical industry will advance future of health care, limit medical inaccuracies, reduce medical costs, increase organizational effectiveness, reduce bookkeeping, and increase access to reasonable health care with quality of care in mind. Health informatics includes a variety of job roles and situations. Some of these different job specifications are Health data manager, claims data analyst, compliance auditor, medical coder, HER content manager, clinical informat ion manager (Health Information Technology , 2013). The education required for HIM certification begins with successfully passing a competency exam and maintaining annual continuing education requirements. Credentialing in the HIM profession is based on passing a competency exam, after completion of a two, four, or post-baccalaureate course of study. A four year degree in health information will provide entry level education to prepare for registered health information administrator credentials. To be eligible to take the RHIA exam applicants will have to meet one of the following requirements: have a baccalaureate degree or post baccalaureate certification from a CAHIM accredited information management program, have a degree from a foreign HIM baccalaureate program which AHIMA has an agreement, be a current student in a CAHIM accredited program enrolled in the final term of study (LaTour, Maki, Oachs, 2012,p. 62-63). HIM technicians usually go into the healthcare field after completing an AS degreein Health Information Technology. Other than general education classes coursework includes medical terminology, anatomy and physiology, legal aspects of health information, health data standards, coding and abstraction of data, statistics, database management, quality improvement methods, and computer science. The2011 AHIMA Job Survey showed,93% of surveyed RHITs hold a degree,74% of those surveyed hold an Associates degree, 16% hold a Bachelors degree, and 3% hold graduate and post-graduate degrees (Health Information Technology , 2013). â€Å"US News Reportrecently named health informatics and health information management as #4 of the top new college majors for the future† (Health Information Technology , 2013). HIM specialists work in many different facilities, these locations can include hospitals or clinics, home health, doctor’s offices, ambulatory care centers, elderly care facilities, mental health facilities, specialist offices, hospice facilities, and public health agencies anywhere that gathers, maintains, analyzes and utilizes medical records and data. Jobs that one can hold with a degree or certification in HIM include: Health Data Analyst, Insurance Claims Analyst, Records Technician Specialist, Clinical Coding Specialist, Physician Practice Manager, and Patient Information Coordinator. With a bachelor’s degree the positions change a bit, other jobs include: HIM College Instructor, HIM System Manager, Consultant, Chief Privacy Officer, HIM Department Director, and Data Quality Manager (Health Information Technology , 2013). The job outlook and salary potential for HIM is looking to be very good in the future. HIM is a very diverse and emerging field in healthcare that is continuing to become stronger in the employment position for the future. Bureau of Labor Statistics says thatoccupations in health information technology is anticipated to steadily rise by 22%between 2010 and 2022(Medical Records and Health, 2014). Hospitals will remain employing the most medical and health services managers. â€Å"According to American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA), the average yearly earnings for entry level medical records and HIM specialists was$48,000 in 2008. With professional experience, the middle 50 percent earned $60,000 to $86,000 in 2008. The lowest 10 percent earned under $32,000 while the top 10 percent earned over $200,000† (Health Information Technology , 2013). The median pay rate is $34,160 or $16.42 per hour. Salaries can fluctuate based on education, skill, locality, and es tablishment. The demand for those in the healthcare field is anticipated to grow as our population of the country continues get older, as they are becoming older they are trying to live a healthier lifestyle. Our aging communities are going to require extensive examinations, more treatments, and education to continue to live healthier lifestyles. More medical attention will in return accompany additional medical claims for compensation from insurance companies. These extra claims added to the EMR’s that are being used by providers will increase a need for healthcare information technicians, thus increasing the job forecast for health informatics. The onset of new positions being introduced in facilities is anticipated to grow at a much relaxed frequency than other businesses, as hospitals are now focusing more on monitoring expenses and utilizing more clinics and other facilities. Medical and health services managers with more skilled experience in larger facilities will have the best job opportunities, as hospitals are becoming bigger and more complex. Employment will grow fastest in physicians’ offices and in home health agencies(Health Information Management, 2014). Services that were formerly completed in hospitals will continue to grow as medical technology improves. The need for health informatics in healthcare will continue to succeed as facilities are becoming bigger and more sophisticated. Healthcare professionals will see the need to understand the burdens of cost suppression and fiscal responsibility, and the need to refocus on preventive care will be a certainty. Administrators with generalized knowledge of a specific field, such as compensation will have more chances for growth. Government has required providers to embrace electronic health records, which is now initiating the demand for HIM specialists with the significant skills that are required to implement these new requirements. The implementation of theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, requires all public and private healthcare providers move to meaningful use ofelectronic medical recordsby January of 2015, or face penalties(Health Information Technology Salary, 2014). Due to the change in how medical facilities manage and store patient information, the new focus has led to a surge of new positions opening up all over the country for health information management. (Health Information Technology Salary, 2014). In conclusion with all the changes in healthcare as well as technology the need for health informatics specialist is at an all-time high. With the mandates for electronic medical records by the government and our aging population now is the time to make the medical field a permanent home in my career outlook. References Health information management. (2014). Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://www.himcareers.com/ job opportunities/ Health information technology health information management career overview. (2013). Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://www.allhealthcaredegrees.com/him.htm Health information technology salary and career guide. (2014). Retrieved December 6, 2014, from http://www.healthinformaticsguide.com/health-information-technology-salary-career-guide/ LaTour, K. M., Maki, S. E., Oachs, P. K. (2012). Health information management concepts, principles, and practice (4th Ed.). Chicago, IL: AHIMA Press. Medical informatics. (n.d.)Mosbys Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. (2008). Retrieved December 13 2014 fromhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Medical+informatics Medical records and health information technicians. (2014, January 8). Retrieved December 7, 2014, from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/medical-records-and-health-information-technicians.htm

Market entries to China for Holden Essay

Executive summary With more and more countries taking part in the international trade, the world’s market is expanding in a rapid pace. How to make use of the enlarging market and remain competitive become urgent for those participants. Market diversification is a good way to take full advantage of the resource and improve the efficiency by enlarging the business scope. In addition, it can also ease the pressure of competition and reduce the cost. The report mainly discuss that Australian Holden may enter Chinese market and chooses Shanghai as the target market. The report firstly analyzes the Australian and Chinese market and briefly introduces Shanghai. Then it presents the market-entry strategies and focuses on comparison on the advantages and disadvantages of Export-based entry and manufacturing-based entry. Through the comparison, the export-based entry is recommended to Holden. Finally, the report analyzes the 4p in marketing, which are price, place, products and promotion. In short, Shanghai is a bid developed country with the encouragement from the government to promote the development of automobile industry. 1.0 Introduction Holden is founded in 1856 with headquarter in Melbourne and it set into the field of automobile manufacturing after the company designed the body of the car for the first time in 1918. Australia-based GM merged with Holden in 1931 to establish GM-Holden Automobile Corporation. Holden’s Vehicle Operations produce 42 models from four vehicle body styles for domestic and export customers. For domestic market, the facility produces the Commodore range of sedans, Sportwagon and Ute together with Caprice long-wheel base luxury vehicles (Rob M 2011). Holden’s Global V6 Engine plant is located in Port Melbourne, Victoria and it gives Holden considerable flexibility in the range of engines it can produce for local and international customers including export customers in South Korea, Thailand and China. Holden is a centre of expertise in design and engineering for GM globally. Holden is one of GM’s nine global design centers responsible for vehicles such as the Holden Commodore and Chevrolet Camaro. Holden is also the centre of expertise for large, rear-wheel drive vehicles in the GM family as well as a major power train engineering centre with expertise in R&D and customer programs in V6 and V8 gasoline, CNG and LPG applications. 2.0 International and domestic marketing environment analysis 2.1 The analysis of Australian and Chinese market The economic crisis has negative effect on the global economy with high unemployment rate. As for Australian automobile industry, both the sales and production decrease. Although there is challenge, opportunity coexists. Holden saw the chance for industrial integration and it is inclined to import components from China and other countries. Hence, Holden is making efforts to enter Chinese market in order to achieve market diversification. The following table format shows the comparative analysis of Chinese and Australian market. From the above chart, it can be seen that China attracts Australia for the following reasons. Firstly, China is the world’s second largest economic entity and it has seen rapid development in recently years. With largest population in the world, China has wide potential in various industries with strong demand and high level of consumption. With the development of economy and high standard of living, people tend to purchase more expensive products as they have strong purchasing power. What’s more, Chinese government has announce some policies to promote its development, such as purchase tax-free for whose emission below 1.6, cash for energy-saving program and presentation of automobile credit. With the price of oil increasing, the compact vehicle has taken up the most of the market share. All those factors have stimulated the development of automobile industry in China (Piercy, N 1982). Compared with Chinese market, Australian automobile industry is more mature. In shor t, China is a place with great potential for automobile market. Shanghai is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. Shanghai, the most developed city in China, is a major financial center in the world. With the development of automobile industry in China, the industry also sees rapid booming trend in Shanghai. As one of the earliest cities to carry out Chinese opening policy, Shanghai continues to go out of China, seeking for international level of development. In addition, it is a fairly open city with diverse culture and civilization. Taking consideration above factors, Shanghai will be the target market for Holden. 2.2. Estimated market size and gap analysis in Shanghai Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper by population in the world. With large population living in the city, their demand of automobile is strong, so there is hug amount of potential customers in Shanghai to buy cars. In addition, they also have strong power for purchase taking consideration of the economy in China. Actually, most young people will choose to buy compact and small cars in Shanghai as it is convenient. Automobile industry growth has been primarily driven by rising domestic demand stemming from rising incomes, a growing middle class, and by supportive industry policies from the Chinese government (Piercy, N 1982). However, the whole market is very fragmented and the research and development capacity is weak in China. The Chinese government has implemented a number of tax adjustments and subsidies for automobile purchases. In short, Shanghai has great potential for automobile development with strong demand and high purchase power, while the research and development is relatively weak. Holden can take the advantage to merge into Shanghai and bring about innovation to the whole market. 2.3 Expected sales and market share analysis in China. According to China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM), automakers in China sold 18,505,100 new vehicles last year, 2.45% more than 2010, which also creates a historically high. The annual growth rate dropped sharply from the 32.37% seen in 2010. Production rose slight 0.84% to 18,418,900 units. Passenger car sales gained 5.19% on year to 14,472,400, as 14,485,300 units were produced, 4.32% more than 2010. The commercial vehicle market shrank 6.31% to 4,032,700, as production dropped 9.94% to 3,933,600. Shanghai GM sold 1.23 million cars in 2011, up 18.5 percent from a year earlier. The sales in China are expected to see more growth in the future and It is widely believed that China’s automobile market currently has the most growth potential around the world. The sales of automobile in Shanghai always took a large amount in Shanghai, so Holden expect a huge potential for sales in Shanghai. According to a survey, the domestic market of share for automobile industry in China is 29%, which means that the majority of market share is took up by foreign brand. It is great news for Holden that can make use of its great competitiveness to enter in Chinese market, especially Shanghai. 3.0. Market entry strategies Marketing entry means that the government of a nation allows citizen or legal person to enter the market to do business and commercial activities. The system for marketing entry indicates the control and management of the government on the market. The purpose of market entry is to stabilize the source of tax and rationally allocate resources. In addition, the market entry aims to pursue public safety and health and maintain sustainable development. The ultimate goal of marketing entry is to maintain free and equal competition for participants, which means that the global market is unified. However, the marketing entry is a process, different country will have various degree for openness considering their economic development level. When a company has made a decision to enter an overseas market, there are a variety of options open to it (Basche, J.R1971). These options vary with cost, risk and the degree of control. The simplest form of entry strategy is exporting using either a direct or indirect method such as an agent, in the case of the former, or countertrade, in the case of the latter. More complex forms include truly global operations which may involve joint ventures, or export processing zones. Entry strategies: There are a variety of ways in which organizations can enter foreign markets. There are export-based entry, manufacturing-based entry and relationship –based entry. The export-based entry and manufacturing-based entry are compared here. 3.1 The analysis of export-based entry Exporting is the mostly widely accepted and the most mature form of operating in foreign markets. Exporting can be defined as the marketing of products from one country into another, while no direct manufacturing is required in an overseas country and significant investments in marketing are required. This strategy does not need too much detailed information about the market compared with the manufacturing-based entry, but it still need some necessary information about the local market (Cunningham, M 1986). The export-based entry contains many elements, such as indirect export, direct export, establish sales offices in foreign market and licensing. Direct exporting means that the organization uses agents, distributors or oversea subsidiary or through government agency. In most cases, the company exports by means of local agents or distributors as they know more about the local market which is important in conducting the business (Jaffee S 1993). In addition, they have advantage in language and they know how to get local customers. Indirect export means that products are exported through trading companies and some export management companies. The advantage of indirect exporting is that the exporters do not need to know much information about the local market as they can rely on trading companies. Another option for exporter is to sell products directly to foreign end-users and this method does not incur intermediary costs and exported can gain higher profits. The web-based B2C and B2B sales are the most common ways to sell products to end-users. The advantages of exporting are that: Firstly, exporting is very simple and low costs and risk, so it is usually the first forms that companies will choose to get knowledge of the target market. Secondly, as the exporting-based entry is home based, the utilization of domestic plants are increased and costs are decreased at the same time. Thirdly, the method can also help to diversify markets, which reduce the company’s exposure to domestic demand instability. The disadvantage is that: firstly, high transport costs from the exporter to the target market. Secondly, exporting may encounter some trade barriers and problems with agents will also affect the export (Sharma, D 1989). Thirdly, exporters have lower control of the agents, facing the risk of exchange rate fluctuation, and are subjected to custom duties and tax from the target country. Although the export costs are low, the exporter has to pay for know more about the market, increasing sales, distribution networks, and attracting customers. Furthermore, exporters should design their products as per the requirement of target market. 3.2 The analysis of manufacturing-based entry Manufacturing-based entry includes joint venture. Joint venture means alliances where there is equity participation from both the foreign entrant and the local companies. The equity participation indicates that one can have minority of stakes, equal stakes or majority of stakes (Terry J 2006). The advantages of joint venture are: firstly, one can decrease the capital risk. Secondly, exporter can use the target companies’ facilities in manufacturing distribution and sales. Thirdly, the exporter can take advantage the local companies to enter the market and they can contact with local government through local companies. Many companies avoid having joint venture as it is complex in coordinating policies, decisions and execution with a different company. Disadvantages of joint venture are that: a. Different in culture and language with communication problems b. Different in managerial styles c. Different in the motivation behind participation. d. Selection of the right partners. Other than above problems, there are also risks in entering in joint venture as the complication at the time of exit, when a foreign entrant decides to leave the market and the joint venture should also have an exit strategy (Yip, G 1982). Another is the company’s intellectual property, which is more difficult to control the access to the technology. Furthermore, if the IP is stolen by local partner, it will become a big problem to deal with. 4.0. Recommendation on how to enter Chinese market 4.1 Market entry strategy choice An organization wishing to enter other market faces three major issues: a. Marketing – which countries, which segments, how to manage and implement marketing effort, how to enter – with intermediaries or directly, with what information. b. Sourcing – whether to obtain products, make or buy? (Keegan, W1989) c. Investment and control – joint venture, global partner, acquisition. Decisions in the marketing area focus on the value chain. The strategy or entry alternatives must ensure that the necessary value chain activities are performed and integrated. As for Holden, the export-based strategy is greatly recommended as Firstly, exporting is very simple and low costs and risk, so it is better for Holden to get know more about Chinese market. Secondly, as the exporting-based entry is home based, the utilization of domestic plants are increased and costs are decreased at the same time. Holden has its own manufacturing plants and it can save costs in this way. (Khoromana, A 1991)Thirdly, the method can also help to diversify markets, which reduce the company’s exposure to domestic demand instability. Holden can gradually come to Chinese market after get a better idea of Chinese market and customer’s demand. Another approach is to direct invest in Chinese market. Holden can set up manufacturing facilities as it is capable of putting large amount of capital with management dedication (Korey, G 1986). 4.2 Estimated budget The marketing mix is one of the most famous marketing terms. The marketing mix is the tactical or operational part of a marketing plan. The marketing mix is also called the 4Ps which are price, place, product and promotion. |Price |Price is the amount the consumer must exchange to receive the offering | |Place |Place includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers | |Product |Product means the goods-and-services combination the company offers to the target market. | |Promotion |Promotion includes all of the activities marketers undertake to inform consumers about their products | | |and to encourage potential customers to buy these products. | So the budget includes activities for efforts to make the products available to target consumers, service for the target market and promotion. 4.3 Time frame (2014—2017) for Holden |Price |Making an analysis of prices in Shanghai and setting the price according to the consumption level. | |Place |Target market: Shanghai | |Product |Holden’s compact and small cars. | |Promotion |Making some advertisement for Holden’s cars with the help of local agents or distributors as it use | | |export-based entry methods | As Holden uses the export-based entry methods, most work can be done by local agents or distributors and also the budget also includes the pay for them besides the budget for 4ps. 5.0 Conclusion In the recent years, trading has become more and more popular among countries. Trading activities has become increasingly global in some way due to the need to gather and increase the company’s financial bases. Advancement in technology including communication efficiency and better international relations has contributed to the development of the international trade. However, competition has become a great challenge to the expanding of global business, but most companies are making great efforts to solve the problem. In order to make the good use the situation as the world has become a village and to achieve greater investments and better market opportunities in the international market, it is necessary that primary and secondary market research is done to ensure that information regarding the target markets in countries desired is obtained. To choose the best way for market entry is crucial for a company as it can help the company to diversify market in other countries and help it gain competitiveness in the world with fierce competition. 6.0 Reference 1. Basche, J.R(1971) Export Marketing Services and Costs, New York: The Conference Board , p4. 2. Cunningham, M (1986), Strategies for International Industrial Marketing. In D.W. Turnbull and J.P. Valla (eds.) Croom Helm, p 9. 3. Dan W (2002), Countertrade, Business Credit, P48 4. Jaffee S (1993), Exporting High Value Food Commodities, World Bank Discussion Paper, p 198 5. Keegan, W(1989), Global Marketing Management, Prentice Hall International Editions, P23-40 6. Khoromana, A(1991), The Experience and Problems in Exporting Spices, In S. Carter (ed.) Export Procedures Network and Centre for Agricultural Marketing Training in Eastern and Southern Africa, P45-60 7. Khoury, S(1986), Countertrade: Forms, Motives, Pitfalls and Negotiation Requisites, Journal of Business Research, p 257-270. 8. Korey, G (1986) Multilateral Perspectives in International Marketing Dynamics, European Journal of Marketing, p 34-42. 9. Pavord and Bogart (1991), The Export Marketing Decision S.A. Hara in S. Carter (Ed) â€Å"Export Procedures, Network and Centre for Agricultural Marketing Training in Eastern and Southern Africa P102-120. 10. Piercy, N (1982), Company Internationalisation: Active and Reactive Exporting, European Journal of Marketing, p 26-40. 11. Rob M (2011), Larger Holden Barina a more credible car, Dominion Post, P3 Russow, L (1996), Market diversification: Going international, Review of Business, P32 12. Sharma, D(1989) Overseas Market Entry Strategy, Journal of Global Marketing, P89-110 13. Terry J (2006) Hispanic-Market Entry Strategies, ABA Bank Marketing, P18 14. Yip, G(1982), Gateways to Entry, Harvard Business Review, P85-91

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